Bricks, sand, and marble : U.S. Army Corps of Engineers construct ion in the Mediterranean and Middle East, 1947-1991 /
Grathwol, Robert P., 1939-
Bricks, sand, and marble : U.S. Army Corps of Engineers construct ion in the Mediterranean and Middle East, 1947-1991 / Bricks, sand, and marble : United States Army Corps of Engineers construction in the Mediterranean and Middle East, 1947-1991. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers construction in the Mediterranean and M iddle East, 1947-1991 by Robert P. G rathwol, Donita M. Moorhus. - Washington, D.C. : Center of Military History, Corps of Engineers , U.S. Army : [For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O.], 2009 . - xxi, 672 p. : ill., maps ; 25 cm. - U.S. Army in the Cold War. .
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Foreword -- Authors -- Preface -- Part 1: Mediterranean And The Ori gins Of The Cold War -- 1: Army engineers in the Mediterranean, 1942-1 952 -- Army engineers in Greece, 1947-1949 -- Army engineers in Turkey -- US engineer group in 1950 -- Beginning work -- Broadening military c onstruction under the US engineer group -- Administrative and procedura l issues in Turkey -- Middle East district in Libya and Saudi Arabia, 1 950-1951 -- Preliminary planning and mobilization -- Construction in Li bya -- Construction in Saudi Arabia -- Administrative issues at Wheelus and at Dhahran -- 2: Moroccan air-base Program, 1950-1954 -- Planning for Moroccan bases -- Mobilizing the east Atlantic district -- Negotia ting new sites -- Emergency construction underway -- Inadequate funding and recurring delays -- Congressional investigations -- Assessing the Moroccan program -- 3: Shifting the locus of work, 1952-1957 -- Organi zing the Mediterranean division -- Middle East district in Libya and Sa udi Arabia, 1951-1952 -- Converting the cost-plus-fixed-fee contract in Morocco -- Transferring operations in Turkey -- Mediterranean division at mid-decade -- Middle East district -- New construction at Asmara -- Mediterranean division's center of gravity changes -- Changing priorit ies in the Middle East -- Trans-East district in Pakistan -- Gulf distr ict in Iran -- Relocating the Mediterranean division to Italy -- Part 2 : Mediterranean Division In Italy, 1957-1972 -- 4: Headquarters and t he southern district, 1957-1960 -- Operating from Livorno -- Southern d istrict, 1957-1960 -- Waning activity in North Africa -- Southern distr ict work in Europe -- Disposing of surplus materials -- Closing the sou tern district -- 5: Trans-East and Gulf districts, 1958-1960 -- Trans- East district construction program -- Living and working in Pakistan -- Overhead costs -- Potential work in Burma -- Prospects in Saudi Arabia -- Royal Saudi air force training in Riyadh -- Deactiviating the trans -east district -- Gulf district in Iran -- Living conditions and suppor t facilities -- Managing the work -- Gulf district projects under const ruction -- Mehrabad and Hamadan -- 6: Gulf district, 1961-1967 -- Work centered in Iran -- Kharg Island -- Construction in Hamadan -- Regimen tal combat team installations -- Gendarmerie and national police projec ts -- Construction at Mashhad -- Standards of design and construction i n Iran -- Gulf district outside Iran -- Work in Pakistan -- Burma -- Gu lf district and Saudi Arabia, 1961-1963 -- Training for the Royal Saudi air force -- Repairing the Dhahran air terminal -- Highways in Afghani stan -- Kandahar-Spin Baldak highway -- Kabul Kandahar highway -- Herat -Islam Qala highway -- Declining workload -- 7: Mediterranean Division , 1961-1966 -- Program under Mediterranean division management -- Tropo scatter -- USAHOME -- Support for NATO's southern flank -- Somalia -- N ew work in Saudi Arabia -- Television program -- Engineer assistance ag reement -- Ordnance and vehicle support program -- Relocation to Camp D arby -- Mediterranean division in 1966 -- 8: Developing the Saudi Arab ian programs, 1967-1972 -- Waning operations in the Mediterranean -- NA TO countries -- Work in North Africa -- Operations in Saudi Arabia -- S audi Arabia district -- Completing the Saudi television network -- Radi o broadcast facilities -- Building cantonments for ministry of defense and aviation -- Khamis Mushayt -- Tabuk -- Saudi Arabia mobility progra m, 1967-1973 -- First years -- Maintenance -- Supply -- Training -- Ord nance corps center and school -- Construction -- Personnel and funding -- Extending the program, 1969-1973 -- Mediterranean division in 1972 - - Part 3: Army Engineers In Saudi Arabia, 1972-1988 -- 9: New progra ms and organizational changes, 1972-1977 -- Burgeoning workload -- Cont inuing work, 1972-1975 -- Saudi ordnance corps program -- Questions con cerning the role of corps -- Contonments at Khamis Mushayt and Tabuk -- Third cantonment -- New medical center and general hospital for the mi nistry of defense and aviation -- Other projects for the ministry of de fense and aviation -- Funding the projects -- Emergency water system re pair in Jiddah -- Transition to the Middle East division -- Handling th e growing volume of materials -- Staffing for the expanding workload -- Reorganizing engineering responsbilities -- Implementing the move to S audi Arabia -- Locating the division rear in Virginia -- New staff in B erryville -- Middle East division's initial years -- New districts -- E ngineer logistics command -- 10: Programs for the Ministry of defense and aviation in the 1970s and 1980s -- Upgrading Khamis Mushayt and Tab uk -- Medical support facilities -- Schools -- Area comander's headquat ers -- VIP complexes and family housing -- Providing the infrastructure -- Closing out the projects -- Peace Hawk and Peace Sun -- Headquarter s complexes -- Royal Saudi air force headquarters complex -- Ministry o f defense and aviaiton headquarters complex -- Executive office buildin g -- Design and construction of the headquarters complex -- Officiers c lub in Riyadh -- Designing medical centers -- 11: Modernization of the Saudi Arabian Navy and National Guard -- Saudi naval expansion program -- Initiating the program -- Ports at Jiddah and Jubayl -- Headquarter s of the Royal Saudi naval forces -- Naval program constrained -- Moder nizing the Saudi Arabian national guard -- Design phase -- Headquarter complex -- Military cities at Al Qasim and Al Hasa -- Construction phas e -- Training facilities at Khash, al An -- Request for a camel racetra ck -- Building the headquarters -- Ground settlement problems -- 12: K ing Abdulaziz military academy -- Beginning construction -- Procuring e quipment, furniture, and furnishings -- Getting the program on track, 1 981-1983 -- Completing the academy -- 13: King Khalid military city -- New master plan -- Cost-plus-award-fee contracting -- Preparing a cost -plus-award-fee contract -- Finding the right contractor -- Progress at Ras al Mishab -- Organizing for the construction -- Mobilization of th e Morrison-Knudsen Saudi Arabia consortium -- Responsibilities of the M orrison-Knudsen Saudi Arabia consortium -- Life support -- Construction support -- Management assistance and support -- Supervising the Morris on-Knudsen Saudi Arabia consortium -- Controversy over management -- CS -squared -- Tensions over management decisions -- Implications for prog ress -- Network analysis system -- Shortcoming of the Morrison-Knudsen Saudi Arabia consortium -- Allegations of corruption -- Ending the cost -plus-award-fee contract -- Completing King Khalid military city -- Pac kaging construction tasks -- Pace of construction, 1981-1983 -- Facing crises in funding -- Completing first brigade facilities, 1984 -- Part 4: Changing Geopolitics In The Middle East -- New US policy -- Adjusti ng the work in Saudi Arabia -- Iran-Iraq war -- Collapse of bipolar geo politics -- Iraq's attack on Kuwait -- 14: Reorienting the engineer ef fort, 1981-1986 -- Middle East division in the region -- Jordan -- Oman -- Design for the Oman program -- Masirah Island construction -- Khasa b -- Seeb -- Thamarit -- Program status in Oman by the mid-1980s -- Kuw ait -- Bahrain -- Egypt -- Sudan -- Other occasional work -- Refocusing the organization, 1981-1986 -- Extending the engineer assistance agree ment -- Adjusting staff size -- Managing work from forward and rear -- Relocating command authority -- 15: From division to Middle East/Afric a projects office, 1985-1991 -- Transition to the Middle East/Africa pr ojects office -- Agruments for division status -- Status of projects in December 1985 -- Adjusting to a new entity -- Ordnance program divisio n -- Closing out the Saudi program under the Middle East/Africa project s office -- Projects throughout the region -- Oman -- Kuwait -- Bahrain -- Egypt -- Sudan -- Voice of America -- Africa civic action -- Depart ment of defense dependent schools -- Status at the end of the decade -- Major administrative actions, 1986-1991 -- Lifecycle project managemen t -- Rethinking the future of the Middle East/Africa projects office -- International events intervene -- Transatlantic division -- Typing up loose ends -- Coming full circle -- Conclusion: Army engineers overseas : challenges, opportunities, and changing times -- Bibliography -- Abbr eviations -- Index.
Synopsis: The work of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in military c onstruction in the Mediterranean Basin and the Middle East created the infrastructure that made the U.S. policies of deterrence and containmen t possible. This work included not only construction in support of the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force in these areas but also work executed on behalf of Middle East allies paid for with funds they provided. This b ook traces the activities of American military engineers from the recon struction that began in Greece after World War II through the construct ion of air bases in North Africa, the massive building program in Saudi Arabia, and support for the liberation of Kuwait in 1991. The history provides a background of the present role and position of the United S tates in that vital region.
2009-038077
United States. Army. Corps of Engineers --History-- 20th cen tury.
Military engineering--History--Mediterranean Region-- 20th cent ury.
Military engineering--History--Middle East-- 20th century.
Military architecture--History--Mediterranean Region-- 20th cen tury.
Military architecture--History--Middle East-- 20th century.
United States--Military relations--Mediterranean Region.
United States--Military relations--Middle East.
Mediterranean Region--Military relations--United States.
Middle East--Military relations--United States.
358/.22
Bricks, sand, and marble : U.S. Army Corps of Engineers construct ion in the Mediterranean and Middle East, 1947-1991 / Bricks, sand, and marble : United States Army Corps of Engineers construction in the Mediterranean and Middle East, 1947-1991. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers construction in the Mediterranean and M iddle East, 1947-1991 by Robert P. G rathwol, Donita M. Moorhus. - Washington, D.C. : Center of Military History, Corps of Engineers , U.S. Army : [For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O.], 2009 . - xxi, 672 p. : ill., maps ; 25 cm. - U.S. Army in the Cold War. .
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Foreword -- Authors -- Preface -- Part 1: Mediterranean And The Ori gins Of The Cold War -- 1: Army engineers in the Mediterranean, 1942-1 952 -- Army engineers in Greece, 1947-1949 -- Army engineers in Turkey -- US engineer group in 1950 -- Beginning work -- Broadening military c onstruction under the US engineer group -- Administrative and procedura l issues in Turkey -- Middle East district in Libya and Saudi Arabia, 1 950-1951 -- Preliminary planning and mobilization -- Construction in Li bya -- Construction in Saudi Arabia -- Administrative issues at Wheelus and at Dhahran -- 2: Moroccan air-base Program, 1950-1954 -- Planning for Moroccan bases -- Mobilizing the east Atlantic district -- Negotia ting new sites -- Emergency construction underway -- Inadequate funding and recurring delays -- Congressional investigations -- Assessing the Moroccan program -- 3: Shifting the locus of work, 1952-1957 -- Organi zing the Mediterranean division -- Middle East district in Libya and Sa udi Arabia, 1951-1952 -- Converting the cost-plus-fixed-fee contract in Morocco -- Transferring operations in Turkey -- Mediterranean division at mid-decade -- Middle East district -- New construction at Asmara -- Mediterranean division's center of gravity changes -- Changing priorit ies in the Middle East -- Trans-East district in Pakistan -- Gulf distr ict in Iran -- Relocating the Mediterranean division to Italy -- Part 2 : Mediterranean Division In Italy, 1957-1972 -- 4: Headquarters and t he southern district, 1957-1960 -- Operating from Livorno -- Southern d istrict, 1957-1960 -- Waning activity in North Africa -- Southern distr ict work in Europe -- Disposing of surplus materials -- Closing the sou tern district -- 5: Trans-East and Gulf districts, 1958-1960 -- Trans- East district construction program -- Living and working in Pakistan -- Overhead costs -- Potential work in Burma -- Prospects in Saudi Arabia -- Royal Saudi air force training in Riyadh -- Deactiviating the trans -east district -- Gulf district in Iran -- Living conditions and suppor t facilities -- Managing the work -- Gulf district projects under const ruction -- Mehrabad and Hamadan -- 6: Gulf district, 1961-1967 -- Work centered in Iran -- Kharg Island -- Construction in Hamadan -- Regimen tal combat team installations -- Gendarmerie and national police projec ts -- Construction at Mashhad -- Standards of design and construction i n Iran -- Gulf district outside Iran -- Work in Pakistan -- Burma -- Gu lf district and Saudi Arabia, 1961-1963 -- Training for the Royal Saudi air force -- Repairing the Dhahran air terminal -- Highways in Afghani stan -- Kandahar-Spin Baldak highway -- Kabul Kandahar highway -- Herat -Islam Qala highway -- Declining workload -- 7: Mediterranean Division , 1961-1966 -- Program under Mediterranean division management -- Tropo scatter -- USAHOME -- Support for NATO's southern flank -- Somalia -- N ew work in Saudi Arabia -- Television program -- Engineer assistance ag reement -- Ordnance and vehicle support program -- Relocation to Camp D arby -- Mediterranean division in 1966 -- 8: Developing the Saudi Arab ian programs, 1967-1972 -- Waning operations in the Mediterranean -- NA TO countries -- Work in North Africa -- Operations in Saudi Arabia -- S audi Arabia district -- Completing the Saudi television network -- Radi o broadcast facilities -- Building cantonments for ministry of defense and aviation -- Khamis Mushayt -- Tabuk -- Saudi Arabia mobility progra m, 1967-1973 -- First years -- Maintenance -- Supply -- Training -- Ord nance corps center and school -- Construction -- Personnel and funding -- Extending the program, 1969-1973 -- Mediterranean division in 1972 - - Part 3: Army Engineers In Saudi Arabia, 1972-1988 -- 9: New progra ms and organizational changes, 1972-1977 -- Burgeoning workload -- Cont inuing work, 1972-1975 -- Saudi ordnance corps program -- Questions con cerning the role of corps -- Contonments at Khamis Mushayt and Tabuk -- Third cantonment -- New medical center and general hospital for the mi nistry of defense and aviation -- Other projects for the ministry of de fense and aviation -- Funding the projects -- Emergency water system re pair in Jiddah -- Transition to the Middle East division -- Handling th e growing volume of materials -- Staffing for the expanding workload -- Reorganizing engineering responsbilities -- Implementing the move to S audi Arabia -- Locating the division rear in Virginia -- New staff in B erryville -- Middle East division's initial years -- New districts -- E ngineer logistics command -- 10: Programs for the Ministry of defense and aviation in the 1970s and 1980s -- Upgrading Khamis Mushayt and Tab uk -- Medical support facilities -- Schools -- Area comander's headquat ers -- VIP complexes and family housing -- Providing the infrastructure -- Closing out the projects -- Peace Hawk and Peace Sun -- Headquarter s complexes -- Royal Saudi air force headquarters complex -- Ministry o f defense and aviaiton headquarters complex -- Executive office buildin g -- Design and construction of the headquarters complex -- Officiers c lub in Riyadh -- Designing medical centers -- 11: Modernization of the Saudi Arabian Navy and National Guard -- Saudi naval expansion program -- Initiating the program -- Ports at Jiddah and Jubayl -- Headquarter s of the Royal Saudi naval forces -- Naval program constrained -- Moder nizing the Saudi Arabian national guard -- Design phase -- Headquarter complex -- Military cities at Al Qasim and Al Hasa -- Construction phas e -- Training facilities at Khash, al An -- Request for a camel racetra ck -- Building the headquarters -- Ground settlement problems -- 12: K ing Abdulaziz military academy -- Beginning construction -- Procuring e quipment, furniture, and furnishings -- Getting the program on track, 1 981-1983 -- Completing the academy -- 13: King Khalid military city -- New master plan -- Cost-plus-award-fee contracting -- Preparing a cost -plus-award-fee contract -- Finding the right contractor -- Progress at Ras al Mishab -- Organizing for the construction -- Mobilization of th e Morrison-Knudsen Saudi Arabia consortium -- Responsibilities of the M orrison-Knudsen Saudi Arabia consortium -- Life support -- Construction support -- Management assistance and support -- Supervising the Morris on-Knudsen Saudi Arabia consortium -- Controversy over management -- CS -squared -- Tensions over management decisions -- Implications for prog ress -- Network analysis system -- Shortcoming of the Morrison-Knudsen Saudi Arabia consortium -- Allegations of corruption -- Ending the cost -plus-award-fee contract -- Completing King Khalid military city -- Pac kaging construction tasks -- Pace of construction, 1981-1983 -- Facing crises in funding -- Completing first brigade facilities, 1984 -- Part 4: Changing Geopolitics In The Middle East -- New US policy -- Adjusti ng the work in Saudi Arabia -- Iran-Iraq war -- Collapse of bipolar geo politics -- Iraq's attack on Kuwait -- 14: Reorienting the engineer ef fort, 1981-1986 -- Middle East division in the region -- Jordan -- Oman -- Design for the Oman program -- Masirah Island construction -- Khasa b -- Seeb -- Thamarit -- Program status in Oman by the mid-1980s -- Kuw ait -- Bahrain -- Egypt -- Sudan -- Other occasional work -- Refocusing the organization, 1981-1986 -- Extending the engineer assistance agree ment -- Adjusting staff size -- Managing work from forward and rear -- Relocating command authority -- 15: From division to Middle East/Afric a projects office, 1985-1991 -- Transition to the Middle East/Africa pr ojects office -- Agruments for division status -- Status of projects in December 1985 -- Adjusting to a new entity -- Ordnance program divisio n -- Closing out the Saudi program under the Middle East/Africa project s office -- Projects throughout the region -- Oman -- Kuwait -- Bahrain -- Egypt -- Sudan -- Voice of America -- Africa civic action -- Depart ment of defense dependent schools -- Status at the end of the decade -- Major administrative actions, 1986-1991 -- Lifecycle project managemen t -- Rethinking the future of the Middle East/Africa projects office -- International events intervene -- Transatlantic division -- Typing up loose ends -- Coming full circle -- Conclusion: Army engineers overseas : challenges, opportunities, and changing times -- Bibliography -- Abbr eviations -- Index.
Synopsis: The work of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in military c onstruction in the Mediterranean Basin and the Middle East created the infrastructure that made the U.S. policies of deterrence and containmen t possible. This work included not only construction in support of the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force in these areas but also work executed on behalf of Middle East allies paid for with funds they provided. This b ook traces the activities of American military engineers from the recon struction that began in Greece after World War II through the construct ion of air bases in North Africa, the massive building program in Saudi Arabia, and support for the liberation of Kuwait in 1991. The history provides a background of the present role and position of the United S tates in that vital region.
2009-038077
United States. Army. Corps of Engineers --History-- 20th cen tury.
Military engineering--History--Mediterranean Region-- 20th cent ury.
Military engineering--History--Middle East-- 20th century.
Military architecture--History--Mediterranean Region-- 20th cen tury.
Military architecture--History--Middle East-- 20th century.
United States--Military relations--Mediterranean Region.
United States--Military relations--Middle East.
Mediterranean Region--Military relations--United States.
Middle East--Military relations--United States.
358/.22